Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism
Clinical overview and exam mastery guide covering antiresorptive and anabolic therapies, dosing regimens, administration rules, and fracture-risk strategy.
Bone Therapy Classes at a Glance
Use antiresorptive or anabolic strategy based on risk severity and contraindications.
1. Definition
Osteoporosis is decreased bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration, causing increased fracture risk. Diagnostic anchors include T-score -2.5 or lower or a fragility fracture.
2. Risk Factors
3. Treatment Overview
First-Line for Most
- Bisphosphonates
Other Options
- Denosumab
- Teriparatide
- Romosozumab
- SERMs or hormone therapy in selected patients
4. Calcium and Vitamin D
| Supplement | Dose Regimen | MOA / Role | Side Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 1000-1200 mg elemental calcium daily, split if over 500 mg per dose | Provides mineral substrate for bone maintenance | Constipation, kidney stone risk at excessive dosing |
| Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) | 800-1000 IU daily; deficiency repletion 50,000 IU weekly for 6-8 weeks | Increases calcium absorption and supports mineralization | Hypercalcemia with excessive intake |
5. Bisphosphonates (First-Line)
MOA for class: bind bone surface and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
| Agent | Dose Regimen | Key Administration / Use | Side Effects | Contraindications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alendronate | 70 mg orally weekly or 10 mg daily | Morning empty stomach, full glass water, remain upright 30 minutes | Esophagitis, rare jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femur fracture with prolonged use | Esophageal motility disorders, inability to sit upright, hypocalcemia |
| Zoledronic acid | 5 mg IV once yearly | Useful when oral therapy is not tolerated | Acute phase flu-like reaction, hypocalcemia | Severe renal impairment, hypocalcemia |
6. Denosumab
- MOA: monoclonal antibody against RANKL, suppressing osteoclast activation
- Dose regimen: 60 mg subcutaneous every 6 months
- Side effects: hypocalcemia, skin infections, rare jaw osteonecrosis
- Contraindication: hypocalcemia
- High-yield caution: abrupt discontinuation can trigger rebound vertebral fractures
7. Teriparatide
- MOA: recombinant PTH analog with intermittent anabolic stimulation of bone formation
- Dose regimen: 20 mcg subcutaneous daily
- Maximum duration: 2 years lifetime
- Side effects: hypercalcemia, dizziness
- Contraindications: bone malignancy risk states, Paget disease
- Use context: severe osteoporosis or multiple fragility fractures
8. Romosozumab
- MOA: sclerostin inhibition increases bone formation and decreases resorption
- Dose regimen: 210 mg subcutaneous monthly
- Maximum duration: 12 months
- Side effect concern: possible increased cardiovascular event risk
- Contraindication: recent myocardial infarction or stroke
9. SERMs (Raloxifene)
- MOA: selective estrogen receptor modulation reduces bone resorption
- Dose regimen: 60 mg orally daily
- Side effects: hot flashes, venous thromboembolism risk
- Contraindication: prior thromboembolic disease
10. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Consider treatment when prednisone-equivalent dose is 5 mg/day or more for at least 3 months. Preferred initial therapy is often a bisphosphonate.
Management Recap Drill
Visual Algorithm Placeholder
[Insert Osteoporosis Treatment Algorithm Diagram Here During UI Integration]
Guideline References (Management)
National Osteoporosis Foundation
https://www.nof.orgEndocrine Society Guidelines
https://www.endocrine.org11. Common Exam Traps
12. Quick Revision Summary
Must Remember
- T-score -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis
- Weekly alendronate is a common first-line regimen
- Denosumab is given every 6 months
- Teriparatide is bone-anabolic therapy
- Calcium plus vitamin D is foundational for all regimens
Practice Questions Placeholder
- Topic: Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism
- Subtopics: bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, romosozumab, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis